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Hungarian Music
Hungary has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music. Hungarian folk music is a prominent part of the national identity and continues to play a major part in Hungarian music. Hungarian folk music has been influential in neighboring areas such as Romania, Slovakia, southern Poland and especially in southern Slovakia and the Romanian region of Transylvania, both home to significant numbers of Hungarians.[1][2] It is also strong in the Szabolcs-Szatmar area and in the southwest part of Transdanubia, near the border with Croatia. The Busojaras carnival in Mohacs is a major Hungarian folk music event, formerly featuring the long-established and well-regarded Bogyiszlo orchestra.[3]
Hungarian classical music has long been an "experiment, made from Hungarian antedecents and on Hungarian soil, to create a conscious musical culture [using the] musical world of the folk song".[4] Although the Hungarian upper class has long had cultural and political connections with the rest of Europe, leading to an influx of European musical ideas, the rural peasants maintained their own traditions such that by the end of the 19th century Hungarian composers could draw on rural peasant music to (re)create a Hungarian classical style.[5] For example, Bela Bartok and Zoltan Kodaly, two of Hungary's most famous composers, are known for using folk themes in their music. Bartok collected folk songs from across Eastern Europe, including Romania and Slovakia, whilst Kodaly was more interested in creating a distinctively Hungarian musical style.
During the era of Communist rule in Hungary (1944–1989) a Song Committee scoured and censored popular music for traces of subversion and ideological impurity. Since then, however, the Hungarian music industry has begun to recover, producing successful performers in the fields of jazz such as trumpeter Rudolf Tomsits, pianist-composer Karoly Binder and, in a modernized form of Hungarian folk, Ferenc Sebo and Marta Sebestyen. The three giants of Hungarian rock, Illes, Metro and Omega, remain very popular, especially Omega, which has followings in Germany and beyond as well as in Hungary. Older veteran underground bands such as Beatrice from the 1980s also remain popular.
Indigenous Hungarian music is unique in all of Europe in its similarities to the musical forms of north-eastern China. Shared characteristics include the pentatonic scale and the fifth structure, which creates a distinctive sound. Musician and musical theorist Bela Bartok, probably the most internationally famous Hungarian musician, has studied the similarities between Hungarian and Turkish folk music.
Hungarian folk music was first recorded in 1895 by Bela Vikar, setting the stage for Bela Bartok and Zoltan Kodaly's pioneering work. Modern Hungarian folk music began its history with the Hapsburg Empire in the 18th century, when central European influences became paramount. Gypsy orchestras arose playing new music, and soon dominated the country's popular music.
Hungarian Gypsy music is often represented as the only music of the Gypsies, though multiple forms of Gypsy music are common throughout Europe and are unrelated to Hungarian forms. In the 19th century, verbunkos was the most popular style in Hungary, especially the virtuosos Janos Bihari and Czinka Panna. Verbunkos was originally played at recruitment ceremonies to convince young men to join the army. Many of the biggest names in modern Hungarian music are the verbunkos-playing Lakatos family.
Bihari and others after his death helped invent the nota, a popular form written by composers like Lorant Frater, Arpad Balazs, Pista Danko, Beni Egressy, Mark Rozsavolgyi and Imre Farkas. Rozsavolgyi's invention of the csardas makes him especially important. Verbunkos, nota and csardas are sometimes collectively called ciganyzene,
Tanchaz is a form of dance music which first appeared in the 1970s as a reaction against state-supported homogenized folk music. Musicians like Bela Halmos and Ferenc Sebo collected rural songs for popular, urban consumption. The most important rural source of these songs was Transylvania, which is actually in Romania but has a large ethnic Hungarian minority. Many of the biggest names in modern Hungarian music emerged from the tanchaz scene, including Muzsikas and Marta Sebestyen.
The csardas folk dance is also an indigenous piece of Hungarian music.
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